Saint Jerome in His Study

Jan van Eyck Netherlandish, ca. 1395-1441
On View

in

European: Medieval and Renaissance, Level 2, West Wing

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About the Artwork

Delicate and intricate in its execution and rich in its symbolism, this small panel painting attributed to the workshop of Jan van Eyck depicts Saint Jerome, the fourth-century translator of the Bible, reading in his study. According to legend, Jerome extracted a thorn from a lion's paw. The books and other objects seen here relate to the saint's intellectual pursuits and take on symbolic meanings. The hourglass is traditionally equated with the passage of time and human mortality. The glass bottle is undisturbed by the light passing through it just as the virginity of Mary was undisturbed by the Holy Spirit when she conceived Jesus. The jar labeled tyriaca (an antidote for snakebite) surmounted by a pomegranate (a symbol of the resurrection) refers to Christ as the savior of the world. Based on the inscription on the folded letter on the table, it has been suggested that the figure of Saint Jerome is a disguised portrait of Cardinal Niccolò Albergati.

Saint Jerome in His Study

ca. 1435

Jan van Eyck

ca. 1395-1441

Netherlandish

Unknown

Oil on linen paper on oak panel

Unframed: 8 1/8 × 5 1/4 inches (20.6 × 13.3 cm) Image (paint film): 7 7/8 × 4 7/8 inches (20 × 12.4 cm) Framed: 12 9/16 × 9 5/8 × 1 7/8 inches (31.9 × 24.4 × 4.8 cm)

Paintings

European Painting

City of Detroit Purchase

25.4

This work is in the public domain.

Markings

Inscribed, possibly upper left wall above saint's head: 1442

Provenance

Duke of Mantua, Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga [1652-1708]

before 1738, Field Marshall Johann Matthias von der Schulenberg [1661-1747] (Venice, Italy)

October 1738, Schulenberg family (Berlin, Germany) [cited as no. 38 "Andreas Mantegna" in family inventories 1741, 1774]

by descent through Schulenberg family (possibly at their home Hehlen, near Hanover, Germany). 1924-1925, (Paul Bottenwieser, Berlin, Germany)

1925-present, purchase by the Detroit Institute of Arts (Detroit, Michigan, USA) [Possible provenance proposed by Erwin Panofsky:] painted for Cardinal Niccolò Albergati [1373-1443]

acquired by his estate executor Tommaso Parentucelli (later Pope Nicholas V) [1397-1455]. before 1492, acquired by Medici family (described in inventory of 1492). [See also proposed provenance in Eidelberg & Rowlands, 1994.]

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Provenance page

Exhibition History

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Published References

Valentiner, Wilhelm R. “St. Jerome by Petrus Christus.” Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts 6, no. 6 (1925): pp. 58-59 (cover ill.).

Friedländer, Max Jacob. “Neues über Petrus Christus.” Der Kunstwandere 6 (1925): pp. 297-298.

Borenius, Tancred. “A Petrus Christus for Detroit.” Apollo 1 (May 1925): pp. 290- 291.

Strümpell, Anna. “Hieronymus im Gehäuse.” Marburger Jahrbuch für Kunst- wissenschaft 2 (1925-26): pp. 173-252.

Exhibition of Flemish and Belgian Art 1300–1900. Exh. cat., Royal Academy of Arts. London, 1927, p. 17, no. 15. [as by Petrus Christus]

Lambotte, P. “The Exhibition of Flemish and Belgian Art, 1300-1900 (Burlington House, 1927), part II.” Apollo 5 (1927): pp. 51-61 (ill.).

Fry, Roger. “Flemish Art at Burlington House, part I: The Primitives.” Burlington Magazine 50, 287 (Feb. 1927): 59-73, pp. 66-67, pl. IIIB (ill.). [as by Petrus Christus]

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Primitive Flemish Masters. Knoedler and Co. New York, 1942, no. 2.

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Richardson, Edgar Preston, ed. Catalogue of Paintings. Detroit Institute of Arts. Detroit, 1944, p. 45 (no. 33). [as Jan van Eyck and Petrus Christus]

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Richardson, Edgar Preston. “St. Jerome in the Desert by Rogier van der Weyden.” Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts of the City of Detroit 26, no. 3 (1947): 54-56, pp. 55-56.

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La Nature Morte de l'Antiquité à nos Jours. Musée de l'Orangerie. Paris, 1950, p. 12. [cat entry by C. Sterling as “copie d'un original perdu......?”]

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Panofsky, Erwin. “A Letter to St. Jerome - A Note on the Relationship Between Petrus Christus and Jan van Eyck.” Studies in Art and Literature for Belle da Costa Greene. ed. by D. Miner. Princeton, NJ, 1954, pp. 102-108.

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“New Light upon the Jan van Eyck ‘St. Jerome’.” Bulletin of the DIA 36, 1 (1956-57): pp. 2-4 (ill. and cover).

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Holt, Elizabeth Basye Gilmore. A Documentary History of Art. New York, 1957, no. 20 (ill.).

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Le Siècle des Primitifs Flamands. Groeninge Museum. Bruge¬s, 1960, pp. 41-45 (cat. 3, repr.). [cat. entry by H.Pauwels]¬¬

Richard, Edgar, ed. Flanders in the Fifteenth Century: Art and Civilization. Exh. cat. 5. Detroit Institute of Arts. Detroit, 1960, pp. 28, 69-72 (ill.). [entry by J. Folie]

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Fryns, Marcel. “Crónica de Bruselas.” Goya 40 (January-February 1961): pp. 288-292 (ill.).

Denis, Valentin. All the Paintings of Jan van Eyck. New York, 1961, p. 58 no 146 (ill.).

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Rush, Richard H. Art as an Investment. Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1961, pp. 317-318 (ill.).

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Hall, E.C. “Cardinal Albergati, St. Jerome and the Detroit Van Eyck.” The Art Quarterly 31, 1 (Spring 1968): pp. 2-34 (figs. 1, 8).

Schouten, Jan. The Rod and Serpent of Asklepios: Symbol of Medicine. Amsterdam, 1967, 110-113, 236.

Foote, Timothy. The World of Bruegel: c. 1525-1569. New York, 1968, p. 28 (ill.). [as by van Eyck and Petrus Christus]

Faggin, Giuseppe. The Complete Paintings of the Van Eycks. Milan, 1968, pp. 98-99, no. 33 (ill.).

Cuttler, Charles. Northern Painting from Pucelle to Bruegel : Fourteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. New York, 1968, pp. 104-105, fig. 121 (ill.).

Stechow, Wolfgang. “A Youthful Work by Stephan Lochner.” The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art 55, no. 10 (1968): 307-314, pp. 309-311.

Chastel, André. The Myth of the Renaissance 1420-1520. Geneva, 1969, pp. 168-169 (ill.).

Pemán y Pemartín, César. Juan van Eyck y España. Cadiz, 1969, pp. 19, 44, 67, 94, fig. 19 (ill.).

Herzog, Sadja. “Gossart, Italy, and the National Gallery’s Saint Jerome Penitent.” Report and Studies in the History of Art 3 (1969): 58-73, p. 72, note 30.

Fahy, Everett. “A Portrait of a Renaissance Cardinal as St. Jerome.” Minneapolis Institute of Arts Bulletin 59 (1970): pp. 5-19 (ill., fig. 5).

Hall, Edwin. “More About the Detroit Van Eyck: The Astrolabe, The Congress of Arras and Cardinal Albergati.” The Art Quarterly 34 (Summer, 1971): pp. 180-201 (figs. 1,2,4).

Cummings, Frederick and Charles H. Elam, eds. DIA Illustrated Handbook. Detroit, 1971, p. 78, pl. 18 (ill.).

Baxandall, Michael. Giotto and the Orators. Oxford, 1971. pl. 10 (ill.).

Mori, Yoko. “St. Jerome in his Study at the Detroit Institute of Arts.” Bulletin of the Women's College of Arts 3 (March 1971): pp. 21- 53 (ill. figs 1, 3, 4, 8, 19). [in Japanese]

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Schabacker, Peter H. Petrus Christus. Utrecht, 1974, p. 124, no. 24, fig. 27 (ill.).

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Jolly, Penny Howell. “Jan Van Eyck and St. Jerome. A Study of Eyckian Influence on Colantonio and Antonello da Messina in Quattrocento Naples.” Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1976.

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Freidmann, Herbert. A Bestiary for Saint Jerome, Animal Symbolism in European Religious Art. Washington, D.C., 1980, p. 42 (ill.).

Briels, J. “Die Antwerpse Kunstverzamelaar Peeter Steevens (1590-1668) en zijn Constkamer.” Koninklijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten - Antwerpen: Jaarboek, 1980, pp. 137-226 (ill., fig. 22).

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Châtelet, A. “Un collaborateur de Van Eyck en Italie.” Relations Artistiques entre les Pays-Bas et l'Italie à la Renaissance: Études Dédiées à Suzanne Salzberger, series Études d'Histoire de l'Art / L'Institut Historique Belge de Rome, Vol. 4. Brussels, 1980, pp. 43-60, fig. 14 (ill.).

Châtelet, Albert. Early Dutch Painting. New York, 1981, pp. 42, 201-202, no. 33, pl. 36 (ill.).

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Jolly, Penny Howell. “Antonello da Messina's Saint Jerome in His Study: An Iconographic Analysis.” The Art Bulletin 65, 2 (June 1983): 238-253, pp. 242, 251-252, fig. 12 (ill).

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Henshaw, Julia, ed. 100 Masterworks from the Detroit Institute of Arts. New York, 1985, pp. 13, 92 (ill.).

“A Centennial Celebration: Family Art Game.” DIA Advertising Supplement, Detroit Free Press, April 14, 1985, p. 12 (ill.).

Rice Jr., Eugene F. Saint Jerome in the Renaissance. Baltimore, 1985, pp. 106-111, 239 (ill., fig 32).

“Van Eycke Das Geheimnis der Genialen Bruder.” Pan Unsere herrliche Welt. M 3529E (November 11 1985): 4-23 (ill.).

Hayum, Andrée “Dürer's Portrait of Erasmus and the ‘Ars Typographorum’.” Renaissance Quarterly 38, 4 (Winter 1985): pp. 650-687 (fig. 17).

“Family Art Game,” DIA Advertising Supplement, Detroit Free Press, May 18, 1986, p.29 (ill.).

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Roberts, Ann. “Review of Banchieri Fiorentini e pittori di Fiandra by Roberto Salvini.” The Art Bulletin 69, no. 3 (September 1987): 470-472, p. 471.

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Recht, Roland and Albert Châtelet. Le Monde Gothique / Automne et Renouveau 1380-1500. Paris, 1988, p. 253 (ill. fig. 206). [identified as "Hand H" aka Jean Coene]

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Upton, Joel. Petrus Christus: His Place in 15th Century Flemish Painting. University Park, PA, 1990, pp. 11-12.

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Pächt, Otto. Van Eyck and the Founders of Early Netherlandish Painting. London, 1994, pp. 53-54, fig. 35 (ill.).

Lievens-de Waegh, M.-L. “L'Iconographie: Les Sujects des Oeuvres.” Les Primatifs flamands et leur temps. Wesmael, Belgium, 1994, p. 292.

Stroo, Cyriel, and Maurits Smeyers. “Les Peintres et leurs oeuvres: Hubert et Jean van Eyck.” Les Primitifs flamands et leur temps. Wesmael, Belgium, 1994, p. 185 (col. ill.).

Rohlmann, Michael. “Auftragskunst und Sammlerbild: Altniederländische Tafelmalerei im Florenz des Quattrocento.” Alfter (Rhein), diss., University of Cologne, 1994, pp. 97-100.

Blankert, Albert. “Vermeer's Modern Themes and Their Tradition.” In Johannes Vermeer, ed. Arthur K. Wheelock, Jr. Washington, 1995, p. 41.

Heller, Barbara and Leon P. Stodulski. “Recent Scientific Investigation of the Detroit ‘St. Jerome’.” Petrus Christus in Renaissance Bruges: an interdisciplinary approach. Symposium paper presented at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 12 June 1994, ed. by M.W. Ainsworth, New York, 1995, pp. 131-142 (ill. pl. 9-19). [Discussion: Response to B. Heller: by M. Faries. Pp. 145-146.; by J.R.J. van Asperen de Boer, pp. 146-147.; Comment by R. Wieck. pp. 147-148.; Response to comment by Van Asperen de Boer, p. 148]

Klein, Peter. “Dendrochronological Findings of the van Eyck-Christus-Bouts Group.” Petrus Christus in Renaissance Bruges: an interdisciplinary approach. p. 152 (table 4). [see Heller/Stodulski above]

Sander, John. Niederländische Gemälde im Städel 1400-1550. Mainz, 1995, p. 230 (fig. 142) [cited under inv. no. 1091, St. Jerome by G. David]

Henshaw, Julia ed. The Detroit Institute of Arts: A Visitor's Guide. Detroit, 1995, p. 170 (col. ill.).

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Marijnissen, R.H., and L. Kockaert. “The Detroit ‘Saint Jerome’: The Story of an Interdisciplinary Approach.” Academiae Analecta 56, 1 (1996): pp. 1-40 (ill.).

Nuttal, P. “Domenico Ghirlandaio and Northern Art.” Apollo 143, 412 (1996): pp. 16-22.

König, Eberhard. Das Liebentbrannte Herz: Der Wiener Codex und der Maler Barthélemy d'Eyck. Graz, 1996, pp. 58-60, 62, 65, fig. 16 (ill.). [attrib. to Jan van Eyck and Workshop]

Asperen de Boer, J. R. van. Jan van Eyck: two paintings of Saint Francis receiving the stigmata. Philadelphia, 1997, pp. 72-73, 105.

Randall, Lilian M. C. Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the Walters Art Gallery, Vol. 3. Belgium, 1250-1530. Baltimore, 1997, part 1, p. 208. [in cat. 243, comparison with image of St. Jerome in an Eyckian/Gold Scrolls Book of Hours, Bruges, c. 1450, W. 721, f. 277v]

Strehlke, Carl Brandon. “Jan van Eyck: Un Artista per il Mediterraneo.” Jan van Eyck: Opere a confront. Exh. cat., Galleria Sabauda. Turin, 1997, pp. 55-76 (fig. 36).

Hall, Edwin. “The Detroit ‘St. Jerome’ in Search of Its Painter.” Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts 72, ½ (1998): 10-37, pp. 10-37 (ill).

Heller, Barbara and Leon Stodulski. “’St. Jerome’ in the Laboratory: Scientific Evidence and the Enigmas of an Ecykian Panel.” Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts 72, ½ (1998) pp. 38-55 (ill.).

Christiansen, Keith. “The View from Italy.” In From Van Eyck to Bruegel: Early Netherlandish Painting in The Metropolitan Museum of Art by Keith Christiansen and Maryan W. Ainsworth. New York, 1998, pp. 43-49, note 16.

Fahy, Everett. “How the Pictures Got Here.” In From Van Eyck to Bruegel: Early Netherlandish Painting in The Metropolitan Museum of Art by Keith Christiansen and Maryan W. Ainsworth. New York, 1998, p. 63.

Sterling, Charles and Maryan Ainsworth. “Virgin and Child.” Fifteenth- to Eighteenth-Century European Paintings: France, Central Europe, The Netherlands, Spain, and Great Britain, series: Robert Lehman Collection, Vol. 2. New York, 1998, p. 24 (note 6). [attrib. to workshop of Jan van Eyck]

Ainsworth, Maryan. Gerard David: Purity of Vision in an Age of Transition. New York, 1998, p. 157.

Locher, Hubert. Domenico Ghirlandaio Hieronymus im Gehäuse, Malerkonkurrenz und Gelehrtenstreit. Frankfurt am Main, 1999, pp. 39-41, 63 (ill., fig. 17; detail fig. 26).

Freedman, Luba. “Titian’s Jacopo da Strada: a portrait of an ‘antiquario’.” Renaissance Studies 13, no. 1 (1999): 15-39, pp. fig. 4 (ill.).

Osano Shigeoshi. “Speculation on the Detroit Institute of Arts’ ‘St. Jerome in His Study’: The History of Its Philosophical Aspects and Their Acceptance.” Studies in Western Art 1 (1999): pp. 8-32 (ill. and col. detail on cover). [in Japanese]

Il Rinascimento a Venezia e la pittura del Nord ai tempi di Bellini, Dürer, Tiziano. Exh. cat., Palazzo Grassi. Venice, 1999, pp. 212-216 (no. 15 col. ill.). [entry by B. Aikema]

Rubin, Patricia Lee and Alison Wright. Renaissance Florence: The Art of the 1470s. London, 1999, p. 42, fig. 22 (ill.).

Bek, Lise. Leon Battista Alberti: Om Billedkunsten. Copenhagen, 2000, p. 32 (ill.). [as by Jan van Eyck and Petrus Christus]

Barstow, Kurt. The Gualenghi-d’Este Hours: Art and Devotion in Renaissance Ferrara. Los Angeles, 2000, pp. 74-75, 106, fig. 45, 90-91 note 61 (ill.)

Campbell, Lorne. “Jan van Eyck, Early Netherlandish Painting and Southern Europe.” Burlington Magazine 144, 1191 (June 2002): 367-371, pp. 367-371, fig. 43 (ill.). [review of exhibition]

Borchert, Till-Holger. The Age of Van Eyck: The Mediterranean World and Early Netherlandish Painting 1430–1530. Exh. cat., Stedelijke Musea. Bruges, 2002, pp. 97–98 (ill.); p. 121; p. 201; p. 225; p. 237, no. 30 (ill.).

Giorgi, Rosa. “Saints in Art,” series Guide to Imagery. S. Zuffi, ed., transl. from Italian by T. M. Hartmann. Los Angeles, 2003, p. 180 (ill.). [originally publ. in Italian, Milan: Elemond, 2002]

Puppi, Lionello. Antonello da Messina. San Girolamo nello Studio. Milan, 2003, pp. 31-46 (ill.).

Folga-Januszewska, Dorota and Antoni Ziemba. Transalpinum: From Giorgone and Dürer to Titian and Rubens. Olszanica, 2004.

Nuttal, Paula. From Flanders to Florence. The Impact of Netherlandish Painting, 1400-1500. New Haven, 2004, pp. 107-108. [mentioned in review by. B. Aikema. Burlington Magazine 148 (Feb. 2006), pp. 121-122.]

Châtelet, Albert., ed., “Les peintres flamands et l'Italie.” Van Eyck et la diffusion de l'art flamand, series Dossier de l'Art 119 (2005): pp.48-59 (ill.). [as by "Jan Coene (?)"]

Das Geheimnis des Jan van Eyck. Exh. cat., Staatliche Kunstsammlungen. Dresden, 2005, p. 204, (repro. fig 1). [not in exhibit, cited under cat. 75]

Evans, Mark. “The After-Life of St. Jerome: Giovanni Bilivert's Portrait of Neri Corsini.” Ciracumdederunt me amici multi: A Tribute to James Marrow from his Friends. Turnhout, 2006, pp. 189-196.

Aikema, Bernard. Review of From Flanders to Florence. The Impact of Netherlandish Painting, 1400-1500 by Paula Nuttal. The Burlington Magazine 148 (February 2006): 121-122, p. 122.

At Home in Renaissance Italy. Victoria & Albert Museum, Exh. cat. 223. London, 2006-2007, pp. 293, 366, (repro.). [not in exhibition]

Fera, Vincenzo. “Lo Studio del ‘San Girolamo’ di Antonello.” Prospettiva no. 126-127 (April -June 2007): 105-114, pp. 106, 107, 113 (ill.)

Bodart, Diane. “Renaissance and Mannerism.” Florence and Milan, 2008, p. 71 (ill.)

Brinkmann, Bodo and Gabriele Dette. Fokus auf Meister des Hausbuchs (Umkreis): Hieronymus und sein Löwe, 1480 (Inv. Nr. 1215), Exh. cat. and booklet. Städel Museum. Frankfurt, 2008, pp. 4-5, fig. 1 (ill.). [not in exhibition - as follower of Van Eyck]

Firenze e gli antichi Paesi Bassi 1430 - 1530 dialoghi tra artisti: da Jan van Eyck a Ghirlandaio, da Memling a Raffaello..., Exh. cat. Galleria Palatina. Florence, 2008, pp. 86-88. [entry by Judie Bogers. As Jan van Eyck (?)]

Brown, B.L. “Florence and the Netherlands.” The Burlington Magazine Vol. CL, 1266 (September 2008): p. 639 (ill.). [as Jan van Eyck (?)]

Dieter Wuttke, ed. Erwin Panofsky Korrespondenz 1910 bis 1968, 4 vols. Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden, 2008, vol IV, pp. 174, 792.

Deneffe, Dominique. “La miniature eyckienne.” In Miniatures flamandes 1404-1482, Bernard Bousmanne and Thierry Delcourt eds. Exh. cat., Paris, 2011, pp. 166-171.

Fattorini, Gabriele. “Matteo di Giovanni’s ‘St. Jerome’ for the notaries’ guild of Sienna.” The Burlington Magazine 154, no. 1312 ( July 2012): 468-475, p. 473.

Woodall, Joanna. “’De wisselaer’: Quentin Matsys’s ‘Man weighing gold coins and his wife,’ 1514.” Nederlands Kunsthistorisch Jaarboek 64 (2014): 38-75, p. 70, note 55.

Capron, Emma, Maryan Ainworth and Till-Holger Borchert. The Charterhouse of Bruges: Jan Van Eyck, Petrus Christus, and Jan Vos. Exh. cat., Frick Collection. New York, 2018, pp. 4, 31, 114, fig. 71 (ill.); pp. 127–129, 131, note 41. [as by workshop of Jan Van Eyck]

You, Yao-Fen. “Paul Coremans, Edgar Richardson and the 1960 Flemish Art show: A Transatlantic Friendship Forged by a Transatlantic Exhibition.” In A Man of Vision, Scientia Artis 15. Brussels, 2019, pp. 160, 162 (ill.).

Martens, Maximiliaan, Till-Holger Borchet, Jan Dumolyn, et. al., ed. Van Eyck: An Optical Revolution. Exh. cat., Museum door Schone Kunsten. Ghent, 2020, pp. 342, 391, 393, 425, 494, p. 340 (ill.).

Torfs, Michaël. "New Information from the Vatican archives sheds more light on life of painter Jan Van Eyck." VRT News (June 20, 2021): https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/en/2021/06/20/new-letter-sheds-more-light-on-life-of-painter-jan-van-eyck/?fbclid=IwAR2yDTxeGXqCSNX-Bh50s1zO_NxtPGqsvXI2YWKRoA5X6T69BC4uV6qWKos. Accessed on: July 12, 2021.

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Jan van Eyck, Saint Jerome in His Study, ca. 1435, oil on linen paper on oak panel. Detroit Institute of Arts, City of Detroit Purchase, 25.4.

Saint Jerome in His Study
Saint Jerome in His Study